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2019屆福建省“永安一中、德化一中、漳平一中”高三上學期12月三校聯(lián)考英語試卷及答案，小編收集的還是完整詳細的，請注意核對哦
本試卷分第I卷（選擇題）和第II卷(非選擇題)兩部分
第I卷
第一部分 聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)
第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）
聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標在試卷的相應位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。
1.When will the film probably start?
A. At 11:45. B. At 12:00. C. At 12:45.
2. What did the woman buy her husband for Christmas?
A. A book. B. A watch. C. A case for coin collection.
3. Where did the man know his ?ight had been canceled?
A. At the airport. B. At the meeting. C. At the international fair.
4. Why can’t the woman contact the man?
A. He just had a long phone conversation.
B. His phone is out of order.
C. The connection on the phone line is poor.
5. What is the man doing?
A. Taking an exam. B. Reading a book. C. Having a class.
第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）
聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標在試卷的相應位置。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。
聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。
6. What are the speakers talking about?
A. How to choose music for the party.
B. Who will be in charge of the party.
C. When to start the party.
7. What is the woman going to do?
A. Help to prepare for the party.
B. Tell the man a phone number.
C. Ask Sonia for some information.
聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。
8. What does the woman want to do tomorrow?
A. Buy something on sale. B. Repair the water heater. C. Get off work earlier.
9. How does the man feel now?
A. Excited. B. Tired. C. Disappointed.
聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。
10. How does the woman feel about the man’s new computer?
A. Amazed. B. Envious. C. Interested.
11. What can we learn about the man?
A. He bought a computer for the woman a year ago.
B. He pays much attention to products in high technology.
C. He always buys expensive computers.
12. What does the woman use her computer for?
A. Watching TV. B. Chatting online. C. E-mailing.
聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。
13. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A. Customer and waiter. B. Manager and waiter. C. Guest and hotel receptionist.
14. What does the woman think of the man’s work?
A. Just so-so. B. Awful. C. Good.
15. Why should the man clear the plates as soon as possible?
A. To let people have some space.
B. To give people space for dessert.
C. To welcome the following customers.
16. What should the man do while walking around?
A. Smile at customers. B. Take away empty glasses. C. Fill the water glasses quietly.
聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。
17. Who organizes the Winter Festival?
A. The government. B. A team of volunteers. C. A group of businessmen.
18. What is special about the art exhibition?
A. It will be held in a school.
B. There are three opening nights.
C. The painters of the pictures are local students.
19. What will be held in the Main Exhibition Hall?
A. A music talent show. B. An art exhibition. C. A fancy-dress party.
20. What is the purpose of the talk?
A. To raise money for the festival.
B. To inform people of the festival.
C. To show some of the musical talents.
第二部分 閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，滿分40分)
第一節(jié) (共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分)
A
The things that kids choose to play with can impact our Earth. The manufacturing of toys and games can produce harmful pollution and non-biodegradable waste, which is harmful for our planet. But some toymakers are creating items for kids that aim higher. They use natural or non-harmful materials, and find ways to reuse and recycle. Toys and kits (成套工具) can also teach kids about environmentally friendly solutions. Here are a few of our favorite low-impact, high-fun toys.
Test the waters
Water is Earth's most precious natural resource. Many people take it for granted, but not everybody in the world has access to clean water. Learn about the science behind one solution with Thames & Kosmos' Global Water Quality Experiment Kit. The kit comes with tools and instructions for conducting eight important experiments including testing the quality of H2O and making dirty water cleaner. ($15)
Plant tomatoes
When communities in dry, desert regions experience drought, it impacts their agricultural practices. Learn about water preservation and grow delicious cherry tomatoes with Back to the Roots' Self-Watering Tomato Planter. It features technology that African desert farmers have been using for thousands of years: a miniature clay pot releases water, but only when the surrounding soil has dried up. ($30)
Draw with veggies
Wee Can Too's Veggie Sidewalk Chalk is made from fruit and vegetable powders — it's practically safe to eat! The chalk, created using environmentally friendly ingredients, has none of the chemicals found in your typical sidewalk chalk. When the rain comes and washes away your masterpiece, no harmful pollutants will be entering the environment. ($12)
Create with cardboard
When cardboard breaks down in a landfill, it creates methane, a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Recycled cardboard can be transformed into a work of art with the Cardboard Tool Kit from UncommonGoods. The kit comes with 28 reusable parts for fastening cardboard pieces together. Now let your imagination go wild! ($13)
21. What is special about Back to the Roots' small clay pot?
A. It is very pretty. B. It is a recent invention.
C. It can improve tomatoes' taste. D. It uses anti-drought technology.
22. Which product needs users to be imaginative?
A. Cardboard Tool Kit. B. Veggie Sidewalk Chalk.
C. Self-Watering Tomato Planter. D. Global Water Quality Experiment Kit.
23. What do the four products have in common?
A. They are hard to use. B. They are Earth-friendly toys.
C. They are good for kids' health. D. They are great choices for art-lovers.
B
I arrived in this beautiful Spanish island at the start of September, full of enthusiasm and eager to start work as an English teacher. I sorted all the necessary paperwork out and moved into a flat of my own within the first couple of days. Great! Or so I thought. At 4 am and at several intervals after that, I was rudely awoken by the cock that lives opposite me. Fantastic! I now have 5 extra alarms every morning.
In the following weeks, I also started to notice a trend. Things in my flat started to break at the rate of one object per day, like the hot water, bowls, cups, shower, doors or glass shelves. Yes, I am clumsy but things just fell apart. If it wasn't broken, it would either be dirty or missing. Using my washing basket for the first time was pretty disgusting. When I took out my clothes, they were swiftly followed by a hundred or so bugs that were living in the bottom.
As for the general lack of equipment in the house, there was no oven, tin opener, sharp knives or potato peeler. It turns out making a burger from scratch wasn't the best idea. I have a small microwave and a grill. I thought the general understanding was never to put metal in a microwave but I went with it. Smoke soon started to appear. I was not quite sure if it was the burger or the grill but as soon as I opened the door, the electricity cut out. I spent the following 10 minutes in a dark, smoky room hunting for the power switch using the light from my mobile phone, which broke the week after and left me without a connection to the outer world.
Luckily, I'm now borrowing a phone and my luck has returned. No more things have broken (probably because there is nothing left to break). I've also realized that even if a flat looks pretty, it doesn't mean its contents work. I am also learning how to adapt to life with limited, broken utensils (廚房用具).
24. What problem did the author have in the morning?
A. She often slept late. B. Her alarm failed to work.
C. She got some noisy neighbors. D. Her sleep was disturbed by a rooster.
25. What can we know about the author from Paragraph 2?
A. She was a very careful woman.
B. She was quite satisfied with her flat.
C. Her flat was pretty old but comfortable.
D. Her household articles were in poor condition.
26. What happened when the author was making a burger?
A. She was seriously injured. B. She made a terrible mistake.
C. She broke her phone accidentally. D. She suffered a sudden power failure.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. Remaining optimistic. B. How to choose a nice flat.
C. Learning to live in a new flat. D. Why living abroad is not easy.
C
Work started this week on next season’s flu vaccine, with experts working off forecasts about which types of the flu virus will be making the rounds. But don’t expect any improvements. Flu experts are already admitting that most vaccines will give at best basic protection, because they’re based on old-fashioned technology. It’s not a new problem, but one that the slow-moving world of drug and vaccine production seems helpless to improve upon.
Every flu vaccine is a cocktail, aimed at either three or four of the most common flu types. Flu vaccines must be recreated every year because flu viruses develop constantly in a process called antigenic drift. In February, global flu experts gather to trade notes on what viruses are circulating in different countries and to come to an agreement on which types the next vaccines should be made to target.
In recent years, flu vaccines have been based on H1N1, H3N2 and either one or two types of influenza B virus. Each of these has a “reference” type, which is used to make seed virus. Producers add the seed types to eggs and incubate (孵) them as the virus grows. Then they purify the virus, and either weaken it or kill it to make a vaccine.
Using eggs is a tricky (=difficult) and unpredictable process. Sometimes the virus doesn’t grow well in eggs, which can mean less vaccine than expected. The result is a flu vaccine that doesn’t offer much protection. “As long as we have eggs we are going to have this problem,” said Scott Hensley, a flu virus expert, “The only solution is not to depend on eggs.”
Flu is a major killer. The 2017-2018 season has been a severe one, hitting the entire U. S. with widespread influenza infection at once for weeks on end, and killing 97 children so far. Against this threat, even a less satisfying flu vaccine will definitely help. “Even when you have these mismatches it will not prevent infection but likely prevent disease severity.” said Hensley.
29．Next season flu vaccine fails to improve because ______.
A．it has offered the best protection B．experts can’t forecast the flu types
C．it is based on outdated technology D．experts are unwilling to respond to changes
30．According to Paragraph 2, flu experts ______ in February.
A．exchange views on the virus types next season
B．get together and make a deal on vaccines
C．sign an agreement on vaccine production
D．decide on how to circulate the viruses
31．The risk of using eggs to make vaccines may be that ______.
A. seeds are less likely to get protection B.viruses might not be developed as expected
C. there are not enough eggs to be used D.whether vaccines will grow is hard to predict
32．What message does the underlined sentence convey?
A．The U. S. is faced with serious flu attacks.
B．Egg-based vaccines are better than nothing.
C．There is something wrong with flu vaccines.
D．Flu vaccines can stop the disease spreading.
D
“While extroverts (性格外向者) often make great first impressions with their outgoing manner and lively personalities in interviews, that value and reputation at work diminish (削減) over time.” says Corinne Bendersky, an associate professor of management.
“Extroverts disappoint us over time when they're part of a team,” Bendersky says. “On a team you're expected to work hard and contribute a lot. But they're often poor listeners, and they don't collaborate.”
“On the other hand, introverts (性格內向者) work hard on a team because they care what others think of them. They don't want to be seen as not pulling their weight or contributing 100%,” Bendersky says.
So while companies may be attracted to hiring extroverts because they impress managers greatly in job interviews, bosses also may want to consider whether the extrovert they are considering will be a valuable team player, Bendersky says.
Amy Jen Su and Muriel Maignan Wilkins, two writers, agree and say managers should recognize the strengths of introverted employees, such as their ability to put themselves in someone else's shoes.
“These team members are often easygoing, which can make them exceptional mentors (良師益友) to more junior staff or particularly good sounding boards when you interact with them in one-on-one situations,” Su says.
“Managers must try to help introverts find their voice,” Wilkins says. “Help them see that speaking up is not about self-promotion or being in conflict but rather about offering the team key insights, making better decisions or increasing the efficiency for all.”
What about those extroverts who never seem to be at a loss for words? Should managers cut them off ? Managers definitely should weigh in on how an extrovert is affecting others. Wilkins suggests saying something in private to make adjustments.
32. What do we know about outgoing people according to Bendersky?
A. They are good listeners. B. They are good at cooperating.
C. They often make great contributions. D. They tend to perform well in interviews.
33. Which can best replace the underlined part “pulling their weight” in Paragraph 3?
A. Trusting others. B. Making good choices.
C. Doing their full share of work. D. Trying to share their thoughts.
34. What is Su's attitude towards Bendersky's words?
A. Critical. B. Tolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
35. What does Wilkins advise managers to do?
A. Promote more introverts. B. Learn to work more efficiently.
C. Encourage introverts to speak up. D. Avoid conflict among employees.
第二節(jié) (共5小題；每小題2分，滿分10分)
根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
Every one complains. Even if you argue that you are the happiest person in the world, you still complain sometimes. Sometimes you complain without even realizing it, but rarely is it ever helpful. 36 . Here are some tips to stop complaining and give up the negative thoughts.
37
When you find yourself thinking or saying a negative comment about something or someone, stop and force yourself to say something positive instead. Seek the help of a cheerful friend to change you when you complain and help you to see the positive in the situation
Make a list of things you are grateful for.
You often complain about the things you don't have without noticing those things you already have. Be grateful for what you have in your life because you are lucky simply for being yourselves. 38
Learn to adapt to the changes.
There are many things you can't change. 39 . Always find the positive side of each situation, regardless of however difficult the situation is. With parents' and friends' support, you can survive any life changes.
Allow yourself to vent（發(fā)泄）your feelings every once in a while.
Constantly ignoring negative thoughts could add up. If you are really going through a rough time, don't be afraid to share your feelings with a close friend or family member or see a therapist.
Find what makes you happy.
40 Maybe it is time to make the hard decision to move on to another job or career. Uncover what your biggest complaints are about and see if you can change the situation to make you happy.
Choose happiness, focus on the positive, and be kind always!
A. Change the way you think
B. Make positive people friends
C. The best and only thing you can do is to accept them.
D. Are you constantly complaining about your present job?
E. Sometimes this list can be easy, full of hobbies you enjoy
F. So how can you manage to force yourselves to end complaining?
G. Set down things you are thankful for and you'll see that you don't have any reason to complain.
第三部分 語言知識運用(共兩節(jié)，滿分45分)
第一節(jié) 完形填空(共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分)
Draper, the owner of a secondhand bookstore, was sorting through a pile of old books when an envelope fell from one. Inside was an undated 41 and a faded photo of a woman holding a little girl on her lap. The letter said if Bethany was 42 it, it meant the author had died.
Tears were welling up in Draper’s eyes. These were a 43 woman’s last words to her child. He had to 44 Bethany. “Whoever it is will 45 this,” he thought. “You wouldn’t 46 a letter like that.”
He supposed if the 47 ended up in his shop then Bethany was likely from around Bishop Auckland. And he thought he 48 recognized the little girl’s face. Even if she’d since left the area, there might be someone in town who would recognize the 49 .
He started with the local newspaper. The Northern Echo ran the story of the 50 letter.
51 , Bethany Gash, now 21 and a(n) 52 herself, was on Facebook about 10 miles away when a close friend messaged her to check out the 53 . As she read her mother’s 54 , which she thought had been lost forever, she said she thought she must be 55 .
Gash was only 4 when her mother 56 . Five years later, her family moved to a new home and the letter, put away in the pages of a book for safe keeping, was unintentionally 57 .
She remembers unpacking and looking for the letter, and then 58 searching through everything in hopes that it was there. “That’s when I realized it was 59 gone by now and I’d never see it again,” she said.
Draper 60 the letter in person. He also brought her a children’s book for her son. Gash was greatly moved to have the letter back, and also touched by the stranger’s kindness.
41. A. message B. email C. postcard D. letter
42. A. reading B. destroying C. forgetting D. copying
43. A. determined B. kind C. selfish D. dying
44. A. find B. introduce C. phone D. comfort
45. A. enjoy B. avoid C. want D. like
46. A. tear open B. throw away C. cut up D. pull out
47. A. book B. girl C. reporter D. news
48. A. hardly B. accidentally C. unfortunately D. actually
49. A. author B. picture C. teacher D. stranger
50. A. wet B. valuable C. lost D. broken
51. A. However B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Eventually
52. A. mother B. editor C. daughter D. assistant
53. A. ticket B. magazine C. homework D. article
54. A. vocabularies B. terms C. words D. languages
55. A. writing B. dreaming C. joking D. playing
56. A. came back B. died out C. passed away D. calmed down
57. A. burned B. donated C. dirtied D. robbed
58. A. madly B. suddenly C. secretly D. regularly
59. A. almost B. long C. still D. never
60. A. kept B. composed C. delivered D. published
第II卷
第二節(jié) (共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分)
閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入 1個適當的單詞或括號內單詞的正確形式。
Researchers have discovered the people with the 61. ________ (healthy) hearts in the world. The Tsimane people live in the Amazon region of Bolivia and have almost no risk of serious heart disease because 62. ________ their plant-based diet and high levels of physical activity. Besides 63. ________ (have) a healthy heart, the Tsimane also have low blood pressure and low blood sugar. This 64. ________ (mean) they are free of many of the diseases and conditions 65. ________ kill hundreds of millions around the world. A study showed that an 80-year-old Tsimane person has 66. ________ same cardiovascular (心血管的) age as an American in their mid-50s.
The study on the Tsimane was published in the medical journal The Lancet. Study co-author Dr Gregory S. Thomas stated: “This study suggests that some diseases could 67. ________ (avoid) if people adopted some elements of the Tsimane lifestyle, such as keeping their blood pressure and blood sugar very low, not smoking and being 68. ________ ( physical) active.” He added: “It may not be possible for people in the industrialised world 69. ________ (copy) the Tsimane community's way of life, but there are certainly 70. ________ (aspect) of their diet and lifestyle that we can better bring into our lives to help reduce our risk of heart disease.”
第四部分 寫作(共兩節(jié)，滿分35分)
第一節(jié) 短文改錯(共10小題；每小題l分，滿分10分)
假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。
增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(),并在其下面寫出該加的詞。
刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(＼)劃掉。
修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。
注意：1．每處錯誤及修改均僅限一詞。
2．只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。
One year ago, I was in great trouble. I worked hard at English and devote all my spare time to practise it. But I failed to pass the mid-term examination, which made me great disappointed. So I asked my grandpa for advice when I got to home. Hearing that I told him, he said, “To some extent, examination results sometime cannot reflect your study level. You can’t judge your progress by one examination.” He encouraged myself to work hard for long time to check my results. I took my grandpa’s advices. Now I realize that the process of learning is much more important and my English is much good than before. From my experience, I feel that we should listen to opinions from old people.
第二節(jié) 書面表達(滿分25分)
假定你是李華，你所在的社區(qū)將舉辦一場由20名老手藝人同時向大家展示傳統(tǒng)爆米花制作方法的活動。請你寫一封電子郵件邀請你的好友Eric來觀看，內容包括：
1.時間和地點；
2.觀看和體驗爆米花的制作過程。
注意：1.詞數100左右（開頭和結尾已給出，不計入總詞數）；
2.可以適當增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。
參考詞匯：爆米花popcorn 手藝人craftsman
Dear Eric,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
聽力：1—5 CBACA6—10 ABABA 11—15 BCBCA 16—20 CBCAB
閱讀：21-23 DAB 24-27 DDBC 28-31 CABB 32-35 DCDC 36-40 FAGCD
完形：41-45 DADAC 46-50 BADBC 51-55 CADCB 56-60 CBABC
語法填詞：
61. healthiest 62. of 63. having64. means 65. that / which 66. the 67. be avoided 68. physically69. to copy 70. aspects短文改錯
1. devote → devoted2. practise → practising3. great → greatly4. 去掉home前的to 5. that → what 6. sometime →sometimes 7. myself → me8. for和long之間加a 9. advices → advice 10. good → better
書面表達
Dear Eric
Knowing that you have an interest in traditional Chinese culture, I’m writing to invite you to watch an activity where twenty old craftsmen will show at the same time how to make popcorn in a traditional way on the square of Ruyi Park this Sunday.
This show will begin at 9:00 am when all craftsmen turn up. Not only will you watch the process of making popcorn, but also you can enjoy the pleasure of making popcorn under the guidance of the craftsmen. Besides, you are likely to make friends with the craftsmen and learn the traditional technique from them.
I strongly advise you not to miss the opportunity. Looking forward to your coming.
Yours,
Li Hua
Text 1
W: We are running out of time. It’s 12 o’clock.
M: Don’t worry. The film will start in 45 minutes.
Text 2
M: Have you gotten your Christmas shopping done yet?
W: Almost. I got a watch for my husband, but I can’t seem to find anything for my dad. He would probably like a book or a case for his coin collection.
Text 3
M: Have you heard that all the international flights have been canceled because of the weather?
W: No, I’ve been in the meeting-hall all day.
M: Unfortunately, I found it out while waiting for the ?ight to New York.
Text 4
M: Hello?
W: Hi, David. You are very difficult to reach. I called you several times. But I kept getting a busy signal. Is your phone out of order?
M: No, not out of order. But we seem to have a bad connection on the phone line. I can’t hear you clearly.
Text 5
W: Would you close your books now? Please remember to write down your name and school number.
M: How long do we have?
W: 90 minutes. If you finish the paper earlier, you can leave the room.
Text 6
W: Have you chosen the music for the party yet?
M: I was going to just let people bring their own.
W: Oh, I don’t think you should do that. One person needs to be in charge. Otherwise people will start disagreeing. Sonia’s really good at music. You could ask her.
M: OK, have you got her number?
W: Yeah, it’s on my mobile. I’ll text it to you.
Text 7
W: You know, if we’re going to buy a water heater, we should talk about it. We could go to the mall tomorrow. They’re having a sale.
M: Could we talk about this tomorrow?
W: Well, I’m just trying to plan my day.
M: Please honey, I have worked for 12 hours today. I want to go to sleep now.
Text 8
M: Hey, come and see my new computer. Look how fast it is.
W: Wow! I can’t believe it. I thought your other computers were fast!
M: Yeah. But this one is like lightning. And the picture’s so clear.
W: Yeah. You always have the latest, don’t you?
M: You bet. This machine is right on the cutting edge of technology. You wouldn’t believe how much I can do. Apart from checking e-mails and chatting, I can watch TV on it while surfing. And it’s not that expensive to upgrade, either. Uh, speaking of computers, how’s yours? Still like it?
W: Yeah, it’s fine. Thanks!
M: I know I gave you a good deal. It was only a year old. Still, are you sure it meets all your needs? Maybe you should think about upgrading.
W: You know me — the only things that I need a computer for are e-mails and word processing. I don’t think I’ll need a new one anytime soon.
Text 9
W: OK. They were the last customers, so we’re done for the evening. How did you find it?
M: I enjoyed it.
W: Oh good. I think it went really well on the whole and you’re very friendly and natural with the customers. And you serve the dessert quickly.
M: Thank you.
W: Well, there’re just a few little things. First, once people at the table have finished, can you just make sure you clear the plates as soon as possible? This way they can have a bit of space and have some time to just chat a bit.
M: OK. I’ll make sure I do it next time.
W: And um, it’d be really good that you could just try to keep the water glasses filled. Just fill them if you notice that they’re empty as you’re walking around or when you’re taking orders.
M: Oh, I thought if I do that, probably I’ll just interrupt them.
W: No, it’s fine if you can just very quietly go over and fill them. However, it gets easier as you go on. The first night’s always the most difficult one. You did really well.
Text 10
M: Attention please! Now I will give you a brief introduction to the Winter Festival. It is a free event for all people to enjoy, and is organized by a team of volunteers. The first Winter Festival was introduced the year before last. Sadly due to a lack of money no festival was held last year. This year the government may provide $15,000 to the festival. They also persuaded the businessmen around the town to offer the rest $5,000. There will be a free art exhibition on Friday 18th, Saturday 19th and Sunday 20th December in the Center Park of the town. The opening hours are from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., and there is an opening night only on Friday, from 7:30 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Different from other exhibitions, this art exhibition is really a special one because the public will have the chance to watch the paintings which are from the town’s school. And all the paintings are created by the students.
It is great that the Festival is going to host a wonderful sound of music in the Main Exhibition Hall this year. This program aims to show some of the musical talents that we have in town. Everyone watching the performance had better not wear formal clothes, but fancy dress. And in the program, you will hear classical music, pop music, rock music and operas.
數學語文英語物理化學
生物歷史地理政治其他
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